cross-border trusts

Trusts and loss
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Trusts and loss of capacity: a global challenge and a necessary response in fiduciary governance

Loss of capacity as a new systemic risk in trust structures  The loss of mental capacity is today one of the most delicate – and yet still insufficiently addressed – issues in wealth planning through trusts.  The increasing prevalence of dementia and other forms of cognitive vulnerability makes this risk ever more tangible. Where fiduciaries and advisers fail to consider such scenarios from the very inception of the trust, incapacity may become a destabilising legal variable, capable of undermining the entire fiduciary framework.  A global problem without uniform standards  Loss of capacity represents one of the principal areas of uncertainty within international trust structures. In many jurisdictions, clear legal rules are lacking as to what occurs when a central actor – whether the settlor, trustee, or holder of reserved powers – is no longer able to properly exercise their role.  Legislative gaps emerge sharply when considering comparative experiences across legal systems.  In Chile, for instance, civil law continues to rely on a model of total interdiction: once incapacity is declared, the individual is entirely deprived of legal capacity. Proceedings may take up to two years, often resulting in the freezing of assets and a significant increase in legal and financial burdens for families.  In China, the opposite difficulty may arise, as the individual may remain legally capable throughout judicial proceedings, even when factual incapacity has already begun to compromise trust-related decision-making.  In the Middle East, the Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC), despite having trust legislation grounded in common law principles, lacks an express statutory definition of mental capacity. The matter is addressed more extensively under UAE civil procedure law, where incapacity triggers guardianship proceedings and where powers of attorney automatically lapse, without mechanisms equivalent to enduring powers of attorney in Anglo-Saxon jurisdictions.  Even in well-established trust jurisdictions such as the Cayman Islands, definitional uncertainty persists. Incapacity has recently been characterised as a question of fact, determined at the time of the relevant decision and assessed in relation to the specific act at issue. This confirms that capacity is not an absolute status, but rather a contextual condition evaluated in light of the particular circumstances.  Recognising incapacity: a practical and relational challenge  Attention must therefore shift to the internal governance of the trust.  Loss of capacity must be addressed proactively, as early warning signs may easily remain concealed, particularly in an era where communication increasingly takes place via e-mail and text messages. By contrast, changes are often far more evident during in-person meetings or telephone conversations.  Vulnerability beyond ageing  Incapacity is not solely linked to advanced age. It may also arise in situations involving substance abuse, bereavement, divorce, family coercion, or other circumstances of vulnerability.  Maintaining a close connection not only with the settlor, but also with the broader family context, may assist trustees in identifying behavioural anomalies and emerging red flags before they become irreversible.  The settlor and reserved powers: the most critical point  One of the most sensitive aspects concerns the extremely common situations in which the settlor retains a direct role within the trust structure, whether as protector or through the reservation of significant powers, such as the appointment and removal of trustees or investment decision-making authority.  In such circumstances, full mental capacity becomes an essential element to monitor. Should the settlor make decisions detrimental to the trust, trustees may face exposure to claims alleging breach of fiduciary duty.  Family disputes and generational transition  Loss of capacity often produces disruptive familial consequences.  As the central family figure loses authority, disputes, tensions and power struggles may emerge. In this context, trustees may play a valuable role as independent third parties, facilitating communication and promoting a pragmatic approach that reduces the risk of irreparable deterioration in family relationships.  Documentary governance as the primary response  The most effective solution remains careful planning.  The optimal moment to address incapacity is during the drafting of the trust instrument itself, by providing:  -clear criteria for determining loss of capacity  -procedures for the automatic cessation of roles upon incapacity  -mechanisms for the orderly replacement of power-holders  -continuity of administration, ensuring the trust is not paralysed  Planning for incapacity in the trust deed  It is advisable to incorporate express provisions regulating the assessment of incapacity, for example by referring such determination to:  -a competent court ruling  -a medical certificate issued by a qualified physician  -an independent third-party evaluation  Trust structures should also ensure that trustees may continue to exercise their powers without dependence upon the consent of an incapacitated individual, thereby safeguarding both the trust assets and administrative continuity.  Conclusion: we cannot wait until incapacity strikes  Loss of mental capacity is among the most pressing contemporary challenges in trust law, one destined to intensify with ageing populations and the expansion of cross-border wealth structures.  While careful drafting cannot eliminate the complexity of incapacity, it can significantly mitigate practical disruption and litigation risk, preserving the trust’s effectiveness even in moments of profound fragility.   Chiara Pascale  Paolo Gaeta & Associati

The Role of the Protector in Trusts
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The Role of the Protector in Trusts: balance, transparency, and the UAE’s new legal vision

In the world of wealth management, the concept of the trust has evolved far beyond its traditional boundaries. Once seen merely as a way to transfer and protect assets, it has now become a sophisticated tool for governance, family continuity, and cross-border planning. Amid this evolution, a new key figure has emerged — the Protector — whose role is to ensure that the trust remains faithful to its original purpose, maintaining the delicate balance between trustees and beneficiaries. Index From supervisor to strategic partner The power of the trust deed The UAE’s new Trust Law: a landmark reform A harmonized yet flexible framework A new standard of fiduciary governance From supervisor to strategic partner In the past, the Trustee stood at the center of the trust structure, managing assets with full autonomy. Today, modern trust law embraces a more collaborative model. The Protector acts not as a constraint, but as a partner in oversight — ensuring accountability, transparency, and alignment with the Beneficiaries’ best interests. This shift has become even more important as Trustees are increasingly represented by corporate entities rather than individuals personally known to the Settlor. In this new landscape, the Protector bridges the human and fiduciary dimensions: understanding not only the legal structure, but also the personal and family values that the trust seeks to protect. The power of the trust deed The scope and authority of the Protector are defined within the Trust deed, the legal document at the heart of every trust. It is here that the Settlor outlines how the guardian will operate — their powers of consent or veto, their right to information, and the standards of fairness and good faith that must guide them. A precisely drafted deed transforms the Protector’s presence from a formal safeguard into a living mechanism of integrity and confidence. The UAE’s new Trust Law: a landmark reform The United Arab Emirates have recently taken a decisive step forward with the Federal Decree-Law No. 31 of 2023, known as the New Trust Law, issued by His Highness Sheikh Mohammed Bin Zayed Al Nahyan. This reform replaces the previous law of 2020, creating a comprehensive framework that strengthens transparency and fiduciary governance throughout the Emirates. Under the new law, every trust must be registered and approved by the competent authority of the relevant Emirate, clearly identifying its parties and purpose. For the first time, the legislation explicitly recognizes the Protector — a figure conceptually similar to the European Protector — an independent overseer entrusted with ensuring balance and fairness in the trustee’s actions. The Protector can be appointed by the Settlor or provided for in the trust deed. Their duties may include monitoring Trustee performance, approving key decisions, or even exercising limited veto powers when necessary. What truly matters, however, is not control for its own sake, but trust through accountability. The Protector embodies this principle — ensuring that wealth is managed in line with the Settlor’s intentions, and that every decision serves the Beneficiaries’ best interests. A harmonized yet flexible framework The UAE’s approach creates a sophisticated dual system: a federal framework that guarantees unity and reliability, combined with the continued flexibility of special jurisdictions such as the Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC), where trust law follows the common law model. This hybrid structure allows international families and investors to choose the model that best fits their global wealth strategies, with the assurance of solid legal protection. A new standard of fiduciary governance The emergence of the Protector marks a new era in the evolution of Trusts. It represents not bureaucracy, but balance: a safeguard of transparency that strengthens rather than restricts the Trustee’s work. In doing so, it enhances confidence, accountability, and long-term sustainability — all essential elements in modern wealth and succession planning. With the New Trust Law, the UAE now stands among the world’s most advanced and trustworthy jurisdictions for asset protection. It is a sign that the region’s legal landscape is evolving toward global best practices — combining flexibility, innovation, and the timeless value of fiduciary responsibility.   Paolo Gaeta  Chiara Pascale Paolo Gaeta & Associati

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